China implemented a new law on July 1, 2026, known as the Law on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress. This law, aimed at fostering harmony among China’s 56 recognized ethnic groups, has sparked concerns among Tibetans, Uyghurs, Mongols, Hui, Kazakhs, and others. Critics fear that the law could lead to the state controlling identities and suppressing minority languages, religions, and cultural practices.
The core of the law, Article 6, emphasizes the importance of a unified Chinese community and prohibits actions that could undermine ethnic unity or create divisions. However, the vague language used in the law raises fears of potential arbitrary enforcement. Amnesty International has warned that the broad terms in the law could criminalize activities such as advocating for minority languages or documenting abuses.
Article 10 expands the scope by stating that efforts to maintain ethnic unity should not be disrupted by external influences. It also labels actions that use ethnicity, religion, or human rights to undermine China as unacceptable. This provision has raised concerns as it could be interpreted as targeting human rights scrutiny and peaceful advocacy for minority rights.
The law also includes provisions regarding language and education. Article 15 prioritizes Mandarin as the primary language for teaching and official purposes, while Article 16 integrates the concept of a unified Chinese community throughout the education system. Despite claims of respecting minority languages, the law effectively elevates Mandarin and state ideology over mother-tongue education.
Furthermore, the law extends its reach into family life with Article 20, requiring families to instill loyalty to the Communist Party, the nation, and the Chinese people in minors. This provision could potentially lead to the policing of family teachings that do not align with the state’s version of unity. The law’s impact on children’s education and cultural identity is a significant concern.
